A Host Receptor Nanodisc-Based Biosensor Platform for the Detection of a Specific Virus and Its Variants.

The host receptor is a key element in the initial stage of the virus entry into the host. The use of this host receptor is valuable as a sensing element for selectively and sensitively detecting specific viruses. Also, viruses tend to escape neutralizing antibodies through viral mutation but still utilize the cell entry process using the same host receptors, so it would be a powerful detection tool even for the mutant viruses. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the representative host receptor, performs an essential function in facilitating viral penetration by interacting with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In this study, we introduce a novel approach, where we fabricated a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) sensor and combined it with ACE2 receptor-embedded nanodisc (ND). ACE2 was produced using an E. coli expression system, purified, and integrated into the ND platform. ACE2 NDs showed robust functionality through interactions with a pseudotyped virus (PV) containing the spike protein, enabling sensitive detection of both SARS-CoV-2 and its genetic variations at 102 PFU/mL. The ACE ND-based sensor exhibited excellent selectivity by accurately differentiating SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and variants (Omicron, Delta) from other viruses (ZIKA and MERS-CoV). As a result of comparative analysis, ACE2 ND showed approximately 49% superior long-term functionality up to the second week compared to that of soluble ACE2. These findings highlight the high selectivity and sensitivity of host receptor-based sensors for detecting viral variants and provide a promising tool to prevent the spread of unknown viruses.

Effects of Online Mindful Somatic Psychoeducation Program on Mental Health During the COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the effects of online mindful somatic psychoeducation program (o-MSP) on mental health in female university students during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: Thirty-eight female university students were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG, n=19) or a control group (CG, n=19). IG received o-MSP for 2-hours per session, twice weekly for 4-weeks; CG maintained their usual daily routine for 4-weeks. Measurements were performed pre- and post-intervention to assess stress, anxiety, and social connectedness using Perceived Stress Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Social Connectedness Scale. A qualitative analysis of changes in soma and social connectedness, subjectification of the soma, and mind-body integration was conducted through online interviews. RESULTS: Regarding stress and social connectedness, there were no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). However, significant differences were observed in the main effect of time of measurement and time×group interaction, with IG showing significant improvement post-intervention, unlike CG (p<0.05). Regarding anxiety, there were significant differences in the main effect of time of measurement, time×group interaction, and group factor (p<0.05). Post-intervention, CG did not show a significant change, while IG showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). Qualitative analysis revealed that participants experienced "changes in soma and social connectedness," "subjectification of soma-body," and "embodiment of mind-body integration," and reported improved mental health. CONCLUSION: The o-MSP effectively reduced stress and anxiety in female university students and improved social connectedness. This suggests that o-MSP can be used to manage the mental health of university students in various settings.

Differences in Effort, Reward, Grit, Burnout, and Continuous Exercise Intention: Assessing the Effort-Reward Imbalance among Korean Athletes.

Although studies have shown that an imbalance between effort and reward in the workplace negatively affects an individual's physiological and mental health, few have looked at how this imbalance may affect the mental state of athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the importance of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) in athletes by examining whether psychological variables would differ depending on the ERI. To accomplish this, 795 registered collegiate athletes were recruited. Of them, 227 and 230 responses with the ERI in the bottom and in the top 30% of the ERI scale were selected to compare groups with a high and a low ERI. Athletes completed a self-reported 64-item questionnaire (general characteristics: 5; effort: 14; rewards: 14; grit: 12; burnout: 15; and continuous exercise intention: 4 items). Data analysis included reliability and validity using the Jamovi and SPSS/AMOS software. The results showed no significant differences in effort, reward, grit, burnout, and intention to continue to exercise based on gender, weekly training frequency, and hours of training per day. There were differences in effort, reward, grit, burnout, and intention to continue exercising based on the presence of a professional league. Additionally, differences were found in effort, reward, grit, burnout, and intention to continue exercising between the low and high ERI groups. There was a clear difference between the mental state of those who were satisfied with their effort and reward, and those who were not. However, given that the two groups spent approximately the same amount of time exercising each week, the difference may have been more a function of the psychology of athletes than an actual difference in effort and reward. As our findings confirmed that the level of the ERI in athletes is related to their mental state, further research is necessary to identify and control factors that affect the ERI in athletes.

Evaluation of site-selective drug effects on GABA receptors using nanovesicle-carbon nanotube hybrid devices.

Site-selective drug effects on the ion-channel activities of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are evaluated by using a nanovesicle-carbon nanotube hybrid device. Here, nanovesicles containing GABAA receptors are immobilized on the channel region of a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor. The receptor responses of this hybrid device to GABA are detected with a high sensitivity down to ∼1 aM even in the presence of other neurotransmitters. Further, sensitivity differences between two GABAA-receptor-subunit compositions of α5ß2γ2 and α1ß2γ2 are assessed by normalizing the dose-dependent responses obtained from these hybrid devices. Specifically, the GABA concentration that produces 50% of maximal response (EC50) is obtained as ∼10 pM for α5ß2γ2 subunits and ∼1 nM for α1ß2γ2 subunits of GABAA receptor. Significantly, the potency profiles of both antagonist and agonist of GABAA receptor can be evaluated by analyzing EC50 values in the presence and absence of those drugs. A competitive antagonist increases the EC50 value of GABA by binding to the same site as GABA, while an allosteric agonist reduces it by binding to a different site. These results indicate that this hybrid device can be a powerful tool for the evaluation of candidate drug substances modulating GABA-mediated neurotransmission.

Development and Initial Validation of the Korean Effort and Reward Scale (ERS-K) for Use in Sport Contexts.

BACKGROUND: Applying Siegrist's (1996) effort-reward imbalance model to athletes, the current study aimed to develop a measure that can evaluate athletes' effort and reward, and verify its reliability and validity. METHODS: The survey was conducted on 530 athletes from universities in Seoul, South Korea. Among the collected data, 276 datasets were used for exploratory factor analysis, 200 for confirmatory factor analysis, and 30 for test-retest reliability analysis; data from surveys that were incomplete or incorrectly answered were excluded. The initial questionnaire was completed based on prior research, expert meetings, and evaluation by the evaluation group. The collected data were subjected to question analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and criterion-related validity analysis. RESULT: Four factors of the construct of effort were extracted: training strengthening efforts, interpersonal efforts, nutrition management efforts, and cognitive psychology strengthening efforts. Additionally, three factors of the construct of reward were extracted: future stability, social support, and positive growth. Thus. the effort measurement tool was finalized with 14 questions from four factors, and the reward measurement tool was finalized with 14 questions from three factors, with all items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. CONCLUSIONS: Siegrist's efforts to measure job stress and athletes perceived efforts differed somewhat, but were found to be consistent with those reported for Australian occupational jockeys. In addition, athletes' perceived rewards had similar results to those for Siegrist and Kathleen et al. studies. Based on this study, subsequent studies can more effectively determine whether the effort-reward imbalance model is applicable to athletes.

Effects of Physical Activity and Psychological Modification-Based Intervention on Physical Fitness, Physical Activity and Its Related Psychological Variables in Female Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The current study investigated the effects of an intervention incorporating physical activity and psychological modification strategy on physical fitness, physical activity levels, and psychological variables related to physical activity in female adolescents. Methods: Sixty female adolescents were recruited from H Middle School. Among them, 30 females (Mage = 14.35 years) were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the rest of 30 to the control group (Mage = 14.47 years) and voluntarily participated in the 12-week intervention. Results: The results indicated that the physical activity stage of female adolescents in the experimental group significantly increased over the 12-week intervention. The results revealed that all of psychological variables in the experimental group significantly improved over the intervention, while participants in the experimental group showed significantly higher scores on most of psychological variables, except cons, than those in the control group after the intervention. Moreover, most of physical fitness components in the experimental group significantly increased over the intervention. Conclusions: The current study confirmed that the physical activity-related psychological intervention was feasible for improving physical and psychological health among female adolescents.

Age and gender differences in health risk perception.

OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated how adolescents perceive their own health risks and compare their own likelihood of health risks with that of others of the same age. Moreover, the study identified the differences in health risk perceptions between males and females. METHODS: A total of 625 adolescents (314 males and 311 females) from the Nowon district, geographically located in northern Seoul, voluntarily participated. In order to measure health risk perceptions a Korean version of self-other risk judgments profile was used. RESULTS: The findings indicated that study participants, regardless of gender and age, tend to underestimate their vulnerability to majority of health risk events. Furthermore, there were significant gender and age differences in health risk perception and perception bias in all health risk domains. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that further research is needed to identify realistic and unrealistic perception mechanism for a large number of people from different demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds.